MGT 430 MIS Lesson 2 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MGT 430 MIS Lesson 2 - Case Study Example One of the essential issues with the bombing modernization program preceding audit was a steady extending of undertaking degree (otherwise known as crawling) that at last bringing about long stretches of work and billions of dollars lost. By setting obligation on numerous specialty units rather than the particular existing ITS area of expertise, these potential invades would be maintained a strategic distance from due to the expanded and multi-concentrated examination on venture improvement. Another issue recognized by the Oversight Board was the absence of trust between divisions associated with the usage and checking of this program. Once more, including numerous segments of the business will fundamentally bring about the need to build up a viable snare of data, as opposed to the isolated idea of the past advancement board. As referenced above, putting obligation regarding degree changes on specialty units would be wanted because of the capacity of every unit to concentrate on advancement as it impacts their particular unit. The assortment of points of view will require the collaboration of numerous segments, and should result in decreased overwhelms as well as in trust development inside the out of this world to be better familiar with the viewpoints of each. Doling out these obligations to either the current ITS, BSM, or Prime would bring about the isolation of advancement from benefit activities, and would decrease the probability of participation. Making a domain of trust in any association is a significant however troublesome assignment. In the school circumstance, the best methodology would be like dole out proprietorship and improvement obligations to the same number of segments of end-clients as is conceivable (expand without making it unmanageable). Counting specialty units (offices), understudy committee(s), sellers, and the current IT office rather than a confined BSM type board would require collaborations and trades of point of view all through the framework

How could Wireless Communications be made more secure

Presentation Wireless correspondence is by a long shot the most broadly spread and quickest developing part of the correspondence business. It has hypnotized our human advancement all things considered. As per Brian Fling, â€Å"The phone is without a doubt perhaps the best creation of humanity. It reformed correspondences, empowering us to reach across significant stretches and offer contemplations, thoughts and dreams with our individual man, making the world an a lot littler spot in the process.† (Fling, 2009, p.1).Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on How could Wireless Communications be made progressively secure? explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The message arrange, concocted by Samuel Morse in 1838 opened the way of remote correspondence and was encouraged by Guglielmo Marconi in 1895, when he transmitted the three-speck Morse code by the assistance of electromagnetic waves. Along these lines radio correspondence appeared. Ther e has been a diverse development in this fragment. Among the sections of remote correspondence, cell innovation has been the most famous and broadly acknowledged innovation. The explanation of the fame of cell innovation is its effortlessness in taking care of. Further in this paper, we will talk about the phone innovation, our zone of research. The Cell Phone Technology Alexander Graham Bell developed the phone in 1876. As indicated by Ian Poole, â€Å"A number of individuals took a shot at transmitting sound over wires. In 1857 an Italian-American named Antonio Meucci built up a crude phone framework be that as it may, originating from a poor foundation, he couldn't acquire any money related support. The customarily recognized creator of the phone was a Scot named Alexander Graham Bell.† (Poole, 2006, p.2). Therefore, radio phones for vehicles were created, in which there was a focal reception apparatus in every city that could take into account a limit of 25 channels. Rela tively few individuals could utilize this administration. Additionally, it was a constrained separation administration, to be exact, for up to a separation of 70 km. After numerous changes done throughout the years, we have the telephone in its current shape. The market of cell phones and cordless telephones assembled pace and today these are one of the most looked for buyer items. PDA, called wireless in slang use, otherwise called cell phone, is a sort of media transmission that utilizations short-wave simple or computerized transmissions. The subscriber’s cell phone is associated (remote) to the closest portable pinnacle (transmitter). A cell phone ought not be bewildered with a cordless telephone in light of the fact that the last has a restricted remote network to its base telephone. The ‘Mobile Telephone Service’ (MTS) was propelled in St. Louis in the year 1946, with three channels and manual activity. MTS was propelled by Motorola as a team with the Bell System. The administrations were extremely mainstream, yet since they were restricted, another assistance specifically, the ‘Improved Mobile Telephone Service’ (IMTS) was propelled in the year 1964.Advertising Looking for research project on correspondences media? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Simultaneously, ‘Radio Common Carrier’ (RCC) was likewise propelled. During the 1980s, the ‘Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS) was propelled that shut down the IMTS and RCC frameworks. In every one of these frameworks, the telephone client needed to stay in a specific cell territory while talking. He/she was unable to move out on the grounds that the reuse of frequencies was not yet begun. Martin Cooper and some different representatives of Motorola to be specific, Richard W. Dronsuth, Albert J. Mikulski, Charles N. Lynk Jr., James J. Mikulski, John F. Mitchell, Roy A. Richardson, and John H. Sangst er, concocted the main vehicle telephone in 1973. Motorola was the primary organization to dispatch a proper cell phone, for open use, in 1983. The model was called ‘Motorola Dyna TAC 8000X, gauging 2 pounds and a battery that must be revived each thirty minutes of talk time. The expense of this telephone was $3,995. Motorola got endorsement for its telephone from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Prior, cell phone was an extravagance item possessed uniquely by a chose not many rich individuals, yet today cell phone has become a need. Martin Cooper had stated, â€Å"People need to converse with others †not a house, or an office, or a vehicle. Given a decision, individuals will request the opportunity to impart any place they are, free by the notorious copper wire. It is that opportunity we to distinctively show in 1973.† (as refered to in about.com) Modus Operandi of Cell Phones Now let us examine how PDAs work. Let us take a case of a specific city. As far as anyone knows, there will be numerous bearers in that city. Every transporter has around 830 unique frequencies to utilize. The transporter separates the city into little cells which permit wide-going reuse of the recurrence all through that city. Thus, various individuals can utilize the administration simultaneously. Typically, a phone is intended to cook around 26 km. Every cell can be depicted as a component of an enormous hexagonal network. A pinnacle is set at the focal point of the cell so it covers a tremendous region. The accompanying chart will additionally clarify the hypothesis: Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on How could Wireless Communications be made progressively secure? explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Owing to utilization of low-power transmitters, cells that are separated can reuse a similar recurrence. In the above chart, a similar recurrence can be reused by the cells with red blueprint. A cell is upheld by a pinnacle and a room that has the necessary gear. In a simple framework, seventh piece of the accessible duplex voice channels is utilized by a cell. Accordingly, every cell has its own different recurrence and there is no possibility of impact. In simple framework, two frequencies are utilized per cal. Every cell has 56 accessible voice channels. The utilization of advanced transmission expands the quantity of accessible channels and in that capacity, more individuals can talk at a given time. A run of the mill model is the ‘Time Division Multiple Access’ (TDMA) framework that builds the accessible up to multiple times. Different instances of computerized transmission framework are the ‘Code Division Multiple Access’ (CDMA) and the ‘Global System for Mobile Communication’ (GSM). The transmissions radiated by a mobile phone and a base station are low-fueled. Low-fueled transmissions have a double advantage. Initially, the transmissions of a spe cific cell are changed in accordance with such an extent that they stay inside their cell’s limits. Thus, as should be obvious in the above graph, the cells with the red framework can reuse a similar recurrence on and on. Besides, PDAs expend less force which requires little batteries. This very actuality has made the wireless a reality. Entomb cell correspondence Each mobile phone has its own ordinary code that is utilized as a character of the proprietor. This code additionally gives insights concerning the telephone and the system supplier. Following is the succession of happenings when somebody attempts to call. At the point when a telephone is turned on, it first looks for the System Identification Code (SID) through the control station. SID is fundamentally a five digit number that is one of a kind for every cell phone. Control channel is the recurrence at which the telephone and the base station interface with one another and impart about the ring set and station evolv ing. On the off chance that the control channel isn't discovered, it implies the telephone is out of range and a message of ‘no service’ will be flashed on the cell phone screen. When the SID is conveyed, it is contrasted with the preset SID of the cell phone. In the event that both the SIDs are same implies that two cell phones of a similar home framework have been associated. At the same time, an enlistment demand is additionally transmitted by the cell phone. The Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO) tracks the portable phone’s area with the goal that it knows the specific cell wherein the cell phone is found and can call the cell phone when it needs to. At the point when somebody approaches the cell phone, it is first gotten by the MTSO. Thusly, the MTSO attempts to find the cell phone by investigating the database for its area. When the cell has been recognized, the MTSO at that point coordinates the recurrence of the cell phone with the accessible freque ncies so it can pick the correct one. At that point once the cell phone and the pinnacle switch on to that recurrence, the call should be associated. Subsequently, the discussion begins. While progressing, when the cell phone arrives at the edge of its phone, the sign quality beginnings reducing. And yet, the phone towards which the cell phone is moving beginnings getting its solid signs. The base stations of these two cells speak with one another and at some specific point, the recurrence is changed and the cell phone is naturally turned on to the next recurrence. While on Roaming A cell phone is supposed to be in meandering if its SID isn't coordinating with the SID of the phone where it is found. The base station of this cell contacts the command post station of the cell phone. When the command post station affirms the legitimacy of the SID, the neighborhood MTSO is conveyed about it and from this time forward that specific MTSO matches its recurrence with that of the cell phone and tracks its developments through its cells. Contrasting Mobile Phones and Citizens Band Radios Until we comprehend the distinction between cell phones and residents band radios (CBs), we should not have the option to welcome the refinement of portable phones.Advertising Searching for research project on interchanges media? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Indeed, there are two sorts of gadgets; simplex and duplex. Walkie-talkies and CBs are instances of s

Mysterious Punctuation You Should Get To Know

Mysterious Punctuation You Should Get To Know (0) The comma. The period. The quotation mark. The apostrophe. These punctuation marks have been familiar friends since elementary school. Now, it’s time to take your knowledge a step further and master some wonderfully obscure punctuation, courtesy of the English language! You might not use these everyday, but they’re fun to bring up and will expand your grammatical toolkit. Do you thirst for more grammar knowledge? Our EasyBib Plus grammar guides can help! Read about linking verbs, conjunctions, using a possessive adjective as a pronoun, and many other grammatical points. ? Irony Punctuation If you’ve ever wished that you could communicate sarcasm in text as well as you do in speech, then check out this obscure class of punctuation that’s been out of usage since the 17th century. The “percontation point” (?) is essentially a backwards question mark. It used to appear at the end of sentences to indicate that the preceding sentence should be read as a rhetorical question (that is, a question that does not require an answer or already has an answer implied by the context of asking). A more specific alternative was proposed by the French poet Alcanter de Brahm in 1899. His “irony mark,” a mark that resembled a backwards question mark, was raised like superscript. Several other writers suggested punctuation marks that varied widely in appearance, but were intended to solve the same need. In theory, the mark would indicate that a sentence was meant to be understood on more than just a literal level. ~ Tilde The tilde (~) is probably better known as “that squiggly line you use instead of a dash when you’re trying to be fancy signing an email.” In fact, the tilde is actually a useful punctuation mark when used properly. In English, a tilde often goes before a description of quantity or time to indicate an approximation, as in “~20 miles away.” In mathematics, it can also signify “similar to,” as in “x ~ y.” In other languages, the tilde is used as a means of indicating a change in pronunciation. The most well-known instance of this is the Spanish letter ñ, a letter between “n” and “o” that makes its own specific consonant sound. * Asterisk In terms of history, the asterisk (*) has one of the longest runs of all punctuation marks. Over two thousand years ago, Aristarchus of Samothrace used an early asterisk to mark lines of Homeric poetry that were duplicated during the proofreading process. This usageâ€"to denote something that needs editing or other attentionâ€"has persisted to this day. On the flip side of things, asterisks have also grown into another usage: as a means of censoring content deemed inappropriate. The asterisk is used to soften expletives while still maintaining the integrity and understanding of a sentence by replacing letters in a given word with asterisks. In the digital age, this practice has spread to non-expletive words, with software sometimes replacing a letter or two in a word or name with asterisks in order to avoid detection by algorithms or by other users searching for that word or name. ? Interrobang At some point, you’ve probably encountered a sentence (usually in informal writing) where the author needed to express excitement and a question at the same time. The typical option for this expression is to use a question mark followed by an exclamation point, like so: ?! While this makes perfect sense, it turns out there’s a singular punctuation mark that conveys the same meaning: the interrobang (?). The symbol is actually incredibly intuitive: its physical appearance is a question mark with the vertical line of an exclamation point going right down the middle before joining with the stem of the question mark. Imagine superimposing an exclamation point on top of a question mark and you get the idea. This one hasn’t been around as long as some of the others on this listâ€"it was first invented by advertising executive Martin K. Speckter in 1962 as a means of making cleaner ad copy. It was popular during that decade, but faded in usage in subsequent years. However, some digital fonts still include the symbol. When you start work on your next paper, use EasyBib Plus citing tools to build your MLA format works cited  list, APA reference list, MLA in-text citations, and Chicago style format bibliography.

Lord of the Flies Essay - 1374 Words

Sam Brandt English 10 Honors Ms. Hedrick 8 October 2010 Fundamentally Virtuous As Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung once said, â€Å"As far as we can discern, the sole purpose of human existence is to kindle a light in the darkness of a mere being.† In other words, man’s purpose in life is to help one another find the good in a world of malevolence. In Lord of the Flies by William Golding, it becomes apparent to the reader the contrast in shades between the good and the bad. Each person here on Earth has two parts of his or her being: light and dark. It is the side people choose which defines them. Take for example Ronald Reagan. He could have easily continued with his successful career as a movie star. But instead, he chose to move†¦show more content†¦The conch symbolizes a variety of things, like power, sanity, leadership, and civilization. The author writes, â€Å"and most obscurely, yet most powerfully, there was the conch† (Golding 22). Had Ralph not discovered the conch, who know what kind of chaos t he small island might have experienced. The shell is revered and respected, even when the two rivals are fighting. Even the little kids know that when someone is holding the conch, they are not to speak. The shattering of the conch shell symbolizes the end of sanity on the island. Similarly, Ralph, Piggy, and Simon all symbolize different parts of ‘light’. Ralph is the one who keeps stability. He is the leader; he keeps order as much as possible. Piggy is the brains behind the vast majority of the operations on the island. He is clever, and without him, there is a high chance the condition on the island would have deteriorated much more quickly. As for Simon, he shows a sort of connection to nature, an innocence. For instance, â€Å" The candle- buds opened their wide white flowers glimmering under the light that pricked down from the first stars. Their scent spilled out into the air and took possession of the island† (Golding 57). Simon is arguably the most agre eable individual on the island. He does not fight or quarrel, and the reader often sees him doing nice things for the other boys on the island. Without this ancient bond with nature and goodness in society as a whole, one would find that the world would be full ofShow MoreRelatedLord of The Flies Essay1673 Words   |  7 PagesLord of the Flies was published in 1954 by William Golding. Today Lord of the Flies is a well known literary criticism. Many schools require their students to read Lord of the Flies because of the literary criticisms in the book. In this paper three themes or literary criticisms are talked about: good vs. evil, symbolism of characters, and maturity of characters. Another topic in Goldings Lord of the Flies is the battle of good vs. evil. Everything seems to start out just fine on the island; theRead MoreLord of the Flies Essay523 Words   |  3 Pages Lord of the Flies Essay â€Å"Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of mans heart and the fall through the air of the true, wise friend Piggy’(Golding 202). Peter Brooks movie and Golding’s novel, Lord of the Flies, express the idea of evil in human nature and through the evils we see the boys on the island change over time. Both the movie directed by a Peter Brooks and the novel written by William Golding demonstrate the defects of human nature through the characters dialogue andRead More Lord of the Flies Essay1446 Words   |  6 Pagesbe symbolic of the tangible as well as the non-tangible. In addition, characters can often be looked at with a psychological approach to literature in order to better determine or understand their symbolic significance. In William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, special symbolic significance may be found in the characters, Piggy, Ralph, and Jack. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Piggy, the heavy, asthmatic, nearsighted boy, was often teased and ridiculed, however Golding made it obvious to the reader thatRead MoreLord Of The Flies Essay819 Words   |  4 PagesPranti Ahmed Blue 4 British Literature February 16, 2015 Lord of the flies Individual Essay Many critics argue that the book â€Å"Lord of The Flies† portrays too much of a frightening side of human nature and young people should not be exposed to such things nor should they be expected to understand it. While it is true the book has a rather gruesome/violent tone that’s no justification in depriving young people of any book at all. The only way anyone is able to understandRead MoreLord of the Flies Essay2000 Words   |  8 PagesLord of the Flies Essay The Power and Theme of the Conch Shell The novel; â€Å"Lord of the Flies† is a highly renowned novel written by William Golding and published in 1954. The novel embodies many themes and events that are mysterious and unanticipated for the reader. During the course of the essay I will explain how the conch shell that is found at the foundation of the first chapter plays a significant role throughout the novel and how diverse themes are brought on from this influential shellRead More Lord of the Flies Essay1591 Words   |  7 PagesLord of the Flies The main theme of Lord of the Flies is that moral nature is not instinctive in mankind. There is a capacity for evil in all people, and their morality is superficial. Nonetheless, it is this moral integrity that must continue in order for a person to be ethical, for society to be maintained, and to keep society from falling in on itself. Society holds everyone together. Without the rules and the structure, evil in everyone becomes more prominent, and ideals, values, and basicsRead More The Lord of the Flies Essay1220 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Golding’s masterful use of symbolism is exemplified in his book Lord of the Flies, in which he uses masks to represent . These masks come in many forms, and by careful study of events throughout Golding’s novel, one discovers their significance. Physical masks are used by many characters such as Jack and Piggy, and they are perhaps the least ambiguous forms found in the book. The idea of a mask encompasses more than just the se literal interpretations, however. Metaphorical masks are usedRead MoreLord of the Flies Essay1218 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the novel Lord of the Flies, various views and motifs are portrayed. Of these views and motifs, the main message which is illustrated is one that questions society. It is clear from the very beginning that is a message conveyed in this novel. On the whole, Golding is portraying a good versus evil which are represented by Jack and Ralph. In Lord of the Flies a variety of ideas can be extracted on what the message Golding is trying to show. Golding wrote this novel in order to show the basicRead More Lord of the flies essay562 Words   |  3 Pages Lord of the Flies Project nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"Breakdowns in society result when people avoid their responsibilities to the community to pursue their own ends.† This seems entirely true. For example, in â€Å"Lord of the Flies† most of the kids decide going around hunting and not worrying about anything else is what is important, and eventually turn into savages. This could also be true if the people of a farming community started becoming lazy and stopped caring for their crops and animalsRead MoreEssay on Lord of the Flies694 Words   |  3 PagesLord of the Flies Society frees the individual from the tyranny of disorder. When people are working together with rules, chaos does not occur. In Lord of the Flies, the shell signifies society and order. The book begins with Ralph and Piggy blowing the conch to call the other boys together to order and unity. Skinner explains this by people being completely controlled by their environment. The conch is similar to a bell at school where the boys instinctively come after hearing the noise

The Curious Incident Of The Dog - 1661 Words

Have you ever felt misunderstood or isolated from the people around you, just because you’re different from them? In Mark Haddon’s â€Å"The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time†, the main character and protagonist, Christopher Boone, is a 15 year old boy who struggles to cope with the effects of Autism. Although Mark Haddon never directly expresses that Christopher has autism, it is very easy to realize that Christopher is different than most people. And because of that, and through Christopher’s self-narration, readers are quick to realize that he struggles with Autism. When a person has Asperger’s Syndrome their skills are different than people without Asperger’s Syndrome. In the novel, Christopher Boone is accurately portrayed as someone with Asperger’s Syndrome by him having social impairments such as repetitive routines, trouble with social interactions and socially inappropriate behavior, and always feeling the need to have a logical reasoning and explanation for the events in his life. This is often is found in people with autism (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke). Other reasonings to prove that Christopher has Autism include, the need for trust and the inability of showing emotion. One of the most recognizable, and basic, traits of an autistic child is the inability of showing and sometimes having emotions. Many autistic children experience this inability because â€Å"children with autism often find it hard to recognize and control theirShow MoreRelatedThe Curious Incident Of The Dog807 Words   |  4 PagesNinth Grade High School Summer Reading Assignment The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time by Mark Haddon 1.) How do we form and shape our identities? We form and shape our identities by experiences, hurt, love, guilt and various other emotions as well as things we see others going through, all of these things whether they be good or bad help form and shape our identities. 2.) How do we define who we are? We define who we are by our hobbies, our interests, by our likes and dislikesRead MoreThe Curious Incident Of The Dog1118 Words   |  5 PagesThe Curious Incident Of The Dog In The Night-Time The novel The Curious Incident Of The Dog In The Night-Time by Mark Haddon is about a boy named Christopher John Francis Boone. He struggles with a high functioning form of autism known as asperger s. Christopher excels in the subjects of math, geography, and in both reading and solving murder mysteries. The book begins with Christopher finding his neighbor s dog: Wellington, dead on their front lawn, with a garden fork in his stomach. ChristopherRead MoreThe Curious Incident Of The Dog1021 Words   |  5 PagesThe Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time, written by Mark Haddon, is an insightful novel narrated by the protagonist of the story, Christopher Boone, a fifteen year old boy who is on the autism spectrum. Christopher’s condition effects his perception of events in a way that makes his viewpoint somewhat idiosyncratic, as reflected in his narration. Despite the vast differences in the perception of events in the story between the protagonist and the reader, the intellectual value of the storyRead MoreThe Curious Incident Of The Dog1540 Words   |  7 PagesThe Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time, originally a novel written by Mark Maddon was created into a Tony Award winning play by Simon Stephens in 2015, and is a must see. This play revolves around a fifteen-year-old boy with Asperger’s syndrome, Christopher Boone, and begins with him trying to discover who killed the neighbors dog-Wellington. As the play progresses we soon find out that this is the least of his worries. This story is one of the first written from the perspective of a personRead MoreA Curious Incident Of The Dog1456 Words   |  6 PagesMark Haddon’s A Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time, a mystery/bildungsroman novel, and Sophie Laguna’s The Eye of the Sheep, a family drama/bildungsroman novel, explore the way certain factors can affect an individual’s growth within a familial environment through similar themes exhibited in both novels. Haddon and Laguna show their main characters Christopher and Jimmy growing up within a dysfunctional family in 20th century Swindon and Melbourne, where each main character in their respectiveRead MoreCurious Incident of the Dog965 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book the curious incident of the dog at night-time written by Mark Haddon, an important idea is the difficulty of diversity in society. Haddon communicated the idea through the book using the language features narrative point of view, Dialogue, and symbolism. Narrative point of view was used to show us Christopher’s perspective on how he views the world and society, and to get inside Christopher’s head to explain the fact he reacts a certain way, or believes in a certain philosophy like howRead MoreThe Curious Incident Of The Dog1282 Words   |  6 Pages Draft Haddon Paper. In Haddon’s novel, The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time, the objectivity of truth is placed into question. Throughout the book, Haddon is able to assimilate to his readers the thoughts and experiences of a boy with autism. The way in which Christopher views the world, is drastically distinctive from the majority of other persons. He is unable to distinguish a vast array of emotions and has difficulty emphasizing with and understanding others. Christopher is onlyRead MoreThe Curious Incident Of The Dog1297 Words   |  6 Pagesare provided by the author and Christopher Boone, narrator of the novel The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time, states, â€Å"If it is a good puzzle you can sometimes work out the answer before the end of the book† (5). In relation to this, the most valuable information is typically gained throughout the process of the investigation rather than the solution itself. Although the book The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Ni ght-time is not classified as a detective story, the plot still goesRead MoreThe Curious Incident Of The Dog1062 Words   |  5 PagesThe Curious Incident of the Dog in the Nighttime is an inspiring novel about finding yourself--even when you’re just a bit different. The novel follows fifteen-year old Christopher Boone, a self-proclaimed detective, in search of answers regarding the murder of his neighbor’s dog. Along the way, he ends up finding answers to some of the issues in his life as well. Though Christopher has Asperger s Syndrome (which may slow him down at times), he’s proof of accomplishing your goals even the mainstreamRead MoreThe Curious Incident Of The Dog1089 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish Assignment: A Change of Perspective The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time †¢ Chosen Event: Discovering Wellington’s Dead Body (Page 3-8) †¢ From the Perspective of: Mrs. Shears A Personal Recount from the Perspective of Mrs. Shears Based On Pages 3-8... â€Å"It was 7 minutes after midnight.† I only knew this because the telly was broadcasting an urgent message about Prince Harry, and it had the exact time on the screen. Fucking remote won’t work now that Ed broke it. He is such a damned

Compensation Free Essays

Compensation is an important motivator when looking to achieve desired organizational results. Money is thought of s a powerful motivator, however that only holds for sometime until the next pay increase is due. Compensation strategies reinforce the organizational culture that you desire, this enables the culture where pay is linked to performance. We will write a custom essay sample on Compensation or any similar topic only for you Order Now To ensure this process works, it must be reflected in the strategic business objectives. The objectives must clearly be defined, must be communicated as soon as decision has been reached. By doing this proper, the organization can motivate employees and make them want to perform better. CONTENT An incentive plan is defined as a formal scheme used to promote or encourage specific actions or behavior by a specific group of people during a defined period of time. So what are the reasons so many companies would find a need to offer such incentive plans? Some of the top reasons are, for motivation, company morale, company loyalty, increased productivity, increase achievement, reduced absenteeism, reduce company cost, decreased turnover and to create more team work. The organization I am employees with created for both union and non- urn employees an incentive compensation plan. When developing this plan it was to focus on two major points, safety and waste reduction. It was then also decided that a third element would also be counted, improved productivity. In order to receive the incentive there were requirements; you need to be a full time Compensation-Bemires 3 employee, employed for the last three (3) consecutive months and be actively employed at the time of payout, which was quarterly. There are also goals that need to be reached in order to collect the incentive for that portion of the goals. The safety component is that the TRIP (total recordable incident rate) needs to be low. Following the guidelines as noted: Greater than 1. 50 payout was O 01 -? 1. 50 payout is 1% of quarterly wages less than 1. 01 payout is 2% of quarterly wages As a company this component is important because the safety of the employees is and will always be the most important thing to the company. Their safety should come first not only to Bemires but also to the employees. It was after looking at these aspects that a separate incentive plan needs to be created just for the non-union/salary employees. The SHIP (salaried performance incentive plan) needs to be created for salary personnel of the Bemires Company. It is intended to provide an incentive for employees to perform their jobs at the highest level possible to facilitate achievement of division and Compensation-Bemires 5 the plant goals, contributing to overall profitability. This plan was designed to reward individuals with additional annual cash compensation in recognition of their individual and collective efforts to meet or exceed annual goals. Unlike a merit increase which is an increase to your salary based on demonstrated ability to meet job responsibilities over an extended period Of time, incentive award is based on annual performance, targeting specific areas which may change from year to year. Employees must be regular full time employees, must be active employees t time of distribution. Eligibility does not necessarily entitle a participant to an award and does not constitute an agreement with the company. In making the requirements for this SHIP incentive it will depend on many factors which include, the individual base salary earnings for the eligibility period, normal reward percent, performance rating given by employees superiors, all targets/measurements are meet, and funding scale. The following are the factors to determine each of these. Base salary earnings: amount of pay a participant received throughout the plan year in eligible base earnings excluding all other forms of compensation. Normal award percent: each participant is assigned a normal award percent for his/her position; employees will be notified of this percentage. Normal award: is the base dollar amount of incentive eligible to the participant, it is then impacted up or down by individual performance rating and the results Of the profit and other targets set for the plan year. Individual performance rating (l PR): this will be given by the supervisor and can range from . 500 up to 1 250, the PR should correlate to the overall performance of the Compensation-Bemires 6 employee based on their yearly appraisal. How to cite Compensation, Papers

Kids should get paid for good grades free essay sample

In childhood, children get a candy for a job well done. In school, students get a treat for a job well done. In society, adults get paid with money for a job well done. Kids should get paid for good grades, because they can start to save money for college or their other needs. In my opinion, there are three reasons children should get paid for good grades. One of them is they will be more focused on school. Second reason is they love money, so they’ll do what they have to, to get more money. The third reason is they’ll have better behavior. Sometimes it’s very hard for kids to get focused on school ,and cash incentives would be great stimulator. This is the first reason why kids should get paid for the good grades. Kids will have a choice between spending time by TV or computer and spending time to prepare homework . We will write a custom essay sample on Kids should get paid for good grades or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If their priority is make some money, in this case with getting good grades, they will be more focused to complete homework neatly and correctly. The reason the kids of all ages love money is because if they have their own money instead of always asking their parents, they can buy things they want or need, and this is the second reason why kids should get paid for their grades. Very often kids want to get things, but their parents think they don’t need them. In case of having their own money, kids will get a little independence in making decision what is important and whats not for them. They will have ability to be in charge of their own budget. Behavior is the third reason why kids should get paid. It is very important to keep up the good work. If kids are more concentrate on school, they become more organized at school and home. Every parent would be happy to see his or her child by books instead of TV or video games. Proper schedule will affect their behavior completely. It will keep them away from staying up late, missing or incomplete homework, and it will lead to good behavior and good grades. It’s very important to stay focused on school all academic year. When it comes to end of the year, parents should be proud of their childrens achievements. Some children do well with the simple satisfaction of a job well done. They strive to perform their best in all situations, and they are proud when their goals are accomplished. For others, they may start out with the best of intentions, but they get distracted along the way. They simply decide the effort isnt worth the payoff. Offering money to these struggling children may help in some cases, but not in all. These children will be very disappointed with themselves e specially if they wont get any money because of their failure. Cash incentives more looks like bribes, and its pointing out those children who perform well. In conclusion, there are plenty of positive ways to get kids to do their homework and encourage good grades, but cash incentives are the best. It keeps kids more focused on school, and kids do their best to make some money. Also, kids are more focused to organize their work, and it leads them to be better behaved. Cash incentives should be used to motivate students to study harder and achieve better grades.

Communication Essays

Communication Essays Communication Essay Communication Essay On the basis of your reading of book â€Å"Media effect† explain and elaborate the theory of agenda setting. Also highlight the agenda setting role of media with examples from Pakistani setting. Introduction: This theory puts forth the ability of the media to influence the significance of events in the publics mind. The media set the agenda for the audiences discussion and mentally order and organize their world. The theory is consistent with a use and gratification approach. McCombs and Shaw  assert that the agenda-setting function of the media causes the correlation between the media and public ordering of priorities. The people most affected by the media agenda are those who have a high need for orientation. Agenda Setting Theory: The  agenda-setting theory  is the theory that the  news media  have a large influence on audiences by their choice of what stories to consider  newsworthy  and how much  prominence and space to give them. Agenda-setting theory’s main postulate is  salience  transfer. Salience  transfer is the ability of the  news media  to transfer issues of importance from their  news media  agendas  to public  agendas. Through their day-by-day selection and display of the news, editors and news directors focus our attention and influence our perceptions of what are the most important issues of the day. This ability to influence the  salience  of topics on the public  agenda  has come to be called the  agenda  setting role of the  news media. Foundation The  media  agenda  is the set of issues addressed by  media  sources and the public  agenda  which are issues the public consider important. Agenda-setting theory was introduced in 1972 by  Maxwell McCombs  and  Donald Shaw  in their ground breaking study of the role of the  media  in 1968 presidential campaign in  Chapel Hill, North Carolina. The theory explains the  correlation  between the rate at which  media  cover a story and the extent that people think that this story is important. This correlation has been shown to occur repeatedly. In the dissatisfaction of the  magic bullet theory,  McCombs  and  Shaw  introduced agenda setting theory in the  Public Opinion Quarterly. The theory was derived from their study that took place in Chapel Hill, NC, where the researchers surveyed 100 undecided voters during the 1968 presidential campaign on what they thought were key issues and measured that against the actual  media  content. The ranking of issues was almost identical with a correlation of . 97, and the conclusions matched their hypothesis that the  mass media  positioned the  agenda  for public opinion by emphasizing specific topics. Subsequent research on  agenda-setting theory provided evidence for the  cause-and-effect chain of influence  being debated by critics in the field. One particular study made leaps to prove the cause-effect relationship. The study was conducted by Yale researchers,  Shanto Iyengar, Mark Peters, and  Donald Kinder. The researchers had three groups of subjects fill out questionnaires about their own concerns and then each group watched different evening news programs, each of which emphasized a different issue. After watching the news for four days, the subjects again filled out questionnaires and the issues that they rated as most important matched the issues they viewed on the evening news. The study demonstrated a cause-and-effect relationship between  media  agenda  and public  agenda. As of 2004, there were over 400 empirical studies examining the effects of  Agenda  Setting. The theory has evolved beyond the  medias  influence on the publics perceptions of issue  salience  to political candidates and corporate reputation. Functions The  agenda-setting function has multiple components: ? Media  agenda  are issues discussed in the media, such as newspapers, television, and radio. ? Public  agenda  are issues discussed among members of the public. Policy  agenda  are issues that policy makers consider important, such as legislators. ? Corporate  agenda  are issues that big corporations consider important. These four  agendas  are interrelated. The two basic assumptions that underlie most research on  agenda-setting are that the press and the  media  do not reflect reality, they filter and shape it, and the media concentra tion on a few issues and subjects leads the public to perceive those issues as more important than other issues. Levels of  agenda  setting ? The first-level  agenda  setting is most traditionally studied by researchers. Simply put, the focus is/was on major issues/objects and the transfer of the salience of those objects/issues. From these broad issues,  agenda  setting evolved to look not only at the major issues/objects, but to attributes of those issues. ? In second-level  agenda  setting, the  news media  focuses on the  characteristics  of the objects or issues. This transfer of attribute  salience  is considered second-level effects or attribute agenda-setting. The second dimension refers to the transmission of attribute  salience  to the minds of the public. More specifically, each object has numerous attributes, or characteristics and properties that fill out the picture of that particular object. As certain perspectives and frames are employed in news coverage, they can draw public attention to certain attributes and away from others. In this level the media suggest how the people should think about the issue. There are two types of attributes:  cognitive  (sustentative, or topics) and  affective  (evaluative, or positive, negative, neutral). Additionally, there are several theoretical concepts that fall under the umbrella of attribute  agenda  setting. Some of these include:   priming, gate keeping (which happens in both level) of primary importance, the concept of framing. 1. Priming: There are perspectives as to what  priming  actually is, but the primary concept is such: According to the  priming  theory,  news media  exposure presumably causes the activation of related knowledge, which is more likely to be retrieved and used in later judgments because it is more accessible in memory and comes to mind spontaneously and effortlessly. Iyengar and Kinder,  define  priming  as â€Å"changes in standards that people use to make political evaluations. 2. Gate-keeping: The concept of  gate-keeping  attempts to answer the question of who sets the  news media  agenda? Mccombs,  states that we need to look at three key elements: major sources who provide information for news stories, other news organizations, and journalisms norms and traditions. Mccombs  notes that journalists validate their sense of ne ws by observing and the work of their colleagues. Local newspapers and televisions stations note the news  agenda  offered each day by their direct competitors for local attention. Finding stories that are  newsworthy  can be difficult, but most journalists look for these characteristics throughout the information they collect. These generally are:  impact,  proximity,timeliness,  prominence,  importance,  conflict,  contradiction,  contrast,  novelty, and  human interest. 3. Framing: Although many scholars have differing opinions of what exactly  framing  is, Mccombs  defines it as, the selection of and emphasis upon particular attributes for the news media  agenda  when talking about an object (the fact of cutting and trimming news stories in order to filter it and shape it as the sender wish) . In other words, it is not just is said in news reports, but how they are characterized and presented. It is through this unique characterization/portrayal of issues/objects that communicates certain meanings to audiences apart from just stating facts and figures Usage: The theory is used in political advertising, political campaigns and debates, business news and corporate reputation,  business influence on federal policy, legal systems, trials, role of groups, audience control, public opinion, and  public relations. Strengths and weaknesses of theory It has an explanatory power because it explains why most people prioritize the same issues as important. It also has predictive power because it predicts that if people are exposed to the same  media, they will feel the same issues are important. Its meta-theoretical assumptions are balanced on the scientific side and it lays groundwork for further research. There are also limitations, such as  news media  users may not be as ideal as the theory assumes. People may not be well-informed, deeply engaged in public affairs, thoughtful and skeptical. Instead, they may pay only casual and intermittent attention to public affairs and remain ignorant of the details. For people who have made up their minds, the effect is weakened. Another limitation is that there is limited research in the realm of non-traditional forms of  news media  (i. e. Social Media, Blogs, etc ) and it’s  Agenda  Setting Role. Q-2Describe in detail the major features and concepts of the Cultivation effects hypothesis? Compare research of this tradition with traditional television effects research. Cultivation theory: Cultivation theory in its most basic form, then, suggests that exposure to television, over time, subtly cultivates viewers perceptions of reality. This cultivation can have an impact even on light viewers of TV, because the impact on heavy viewers has an impact on our entire culture. Gerbner and Gross (1976) say television is a medium of the socialization of most people into standardized roles and behaviors. Cultivation Effects Hypothesis: Stated most simply, the central hypothesis explored in cultivation research is that those who spend more time watching television are more likely to perceive the real world in ways that reflect the most common and recurrent messages of the television world, compared with people who watch less television, but are otherwise comparable in terms of important demographic characteristics (Gerbner, Gross, Morgan, Signorielli, Shanahan, 2002). Gerbner  et al. 1986) go on to argue the impact of television on its viewers is not unidirectional, that the use of the term cultivation for televisions contribution to conception of social reality (Does not) necessarily imply a one-way, monolithic process. The effects of a pervasive medium upon the composition and structure of the symbolic environment is subtle, complex, and intermingled with other influences. This perspective, therefore, assumes an interaction between the medium and its publics. Cultivation Theory ( George Gerbner, 1960’s) is a top down, linear, closed communication model. It regards audiences as passive, presenting ideas to society as a mass with meaning open to little or no interpretation. The ideas presented to a passive audience are often accepted, therefore influencing large groups into conforming behind ideas, meaning that the media exerts a significant influence over audiences. This audience is seen as very vulnerable and easily manipulated. Cultivation Theory looks at media as having a long term passive effect on audiences, which starts off small at first but has a compound effect, an example of this is body image and the bombardment of images. An advantage of this theory is that it is easy to apply to a wide range of texts and to a wide range of audience members, a disadvantage however is that it doesn’t look at the background, ethnicity, gender etc. of audiences. In 1968 Gerbner conducted a survey to demonstrate this theory. From his results he placed television viewers into three categories; Light viewers (less than 2 hours a day) Medium viewers (2–4 hours a day) Heavy viewers (more than 4 hours a day) He found that heavy viewers held beliefs and opinions similar to those portrayed on television rather than the real world which demonstrates the compound effect of media influence. An advantage to this study is that surveys are able to ask specific detailed questions and can be applied over different demographic groups. Disadvantages to this study is that survey questions can be interpreted incorrectly resulting in inaccurate answers and that participants of the survey may or may not be doing the survey voluntarily which could influence how they respond to the survey and the type of people being surveyed. Gerbner created the cultivation theory as one part of a three part research strategy, called Cultural Indicators. The concept of a cultural indicator was developed by Gerbner in order to be a more common idea of a social indicator. The first part of this strategy is known as the institutional process analysis. This investigates how the flow of media messages is produced and managed, how decisions are made, and how media organizations function. The second part of this strategy is known as message system analysis, which has been used since 1967 to track the most stable and recurrent images in media content. This is in terms of violence, race ethnicity, gender, and occupation. The final part of the research study is the cultivation analysis. METHODOLOGY The first stage in cultivation analysis is a careful study of TV content in order to identify predominant themes and messages. Since 1967, Gerbner and his colleagues have been meticulously analyzing sample weeks of prime time and day time TV programming. Television’s world is populated by a preponderance of males. Moreover, in portraying occupations TV over emphasizes the professions and over represents the proportion of workers engaged in law enforcement and the detection of crime. Lastly the TV world is a violent one. Step two examines what viewers absorb from heavy exposure to the world of TV. Respondents are presented with questions concerning social reality and are asked to check one of two possible answers. One of these answers (the TV answers) is more inline with the way things are portrayed on TV; the other (the real world answer) more closely resembles situations in actual life. RESEARCH FINDINGS Most findings suggest that among some people TV is cultivating distorted perceptions of the real world. Results from a national survey of adult viewers indicate that cultivation is not limited to children. In this survey heavy TV viewers evidently felt that TV violence and crime presented an accurate depiction of reality, since they also were more fearful of walking alone at night and were more likely to have bought a dog or to have put locks on windows and doors than were light TV viewers. Research has shown that content other than crime and violence might also demonstrate a cultivate effect. One study (1981) found that heavy soap opera viewers were more likely than light viewers to over estimate the number of real life married people who had affairs or who had been divorced and the number of women who had abortions. Not all researchers have accepted the cultivation hypothesis. In particular, Hughes (1980) and Hirsch (1980) reanalyzed the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) data using simultaneous rather than individual controls for demographic variables, and they were unable to replicate Gerbner’s findings. Gerbner responded by introducing resonance and mainstreaming, two new concepts to help explain inconsistencies in the results (Gerbner, Gross, Morgan, Signorielli, 1986). These concepts take account of the fact that heavy TV viewing has different outcomes for different social groups. Resonance: When the media reinforce what is seen in real life, thus giving an audience member a â€Å"double dose,† the resulting increase in the cultivation effect is attributed to resonance. Mainstreaming is a leveling effect. Gerbner says mainstreaming occurs when heavy viewing leads to a convergence of outlooks across groups. The addition of mainstreaming and resonance to cultivation theory is a substantial modification of the theory. The theory no longer claims uniform, across the board effects of Television on all heavy viewers. It now claims that TV interacts with other variables in ways such that television viewing will have strong effects on some subgroups of persons and not on others. COMPARISON OF CULTIVATION EFFECTS HYPOTHESIS WITH TRADITIONAL T. V EFFECTS RESEARCH Traditional effects research is based on evaluating specific informational, educational, political, or marketing efforts in terms selective exposure and measurable differences between those exposed and others. Scholars steeped in those traditions find it difficult to accept the emphasis of cultivation analysis on total immersion rather than selective viewing and on the spread of stable similarities of outlook rather than on the remaining sources of cultural differentiation and change. Cultivation theory is based on the results of research findings a persistent and persuasive pull of the television. Mainstream on a great variety of conceptual currents and counter currents. The focus on broad communalities of perspectives among heavy viewers of otherwise varied backgrounds requires a theoretical and methodological approach different from traditional media effects research and appropriate to the distinct dynamics of TV. Cultivation analysis is not a substitute for but a complement to traditional approaches to media effects. Traditional research is concerned with change rather than stability and with processes more applicable to media that inter a person’s life at latter stages (with mobility, literacy, etc. ) and more selectively. Neither the â€Å"before and after exposure† model, nor the notion of â€Å"predispositions† as intervening variables. So important and traditional effects studies, apply in the context of cultivation analysis. TV enters life in infancy; there is no â€Å"before exposure† condition. TV plays a role in the formation of those very â€Å"predispositions† that later intervene (and often resist) other influences and attempts at persuasion. Cultivation analysis concentrates on the enduring and common consequences of growing up and living with TV. Those are the stable, resistant, and widely shared assumptions, images, and conceptions expressing the institutional haracteristics and interests of the medium itself. Q-3Explain the concepts of Framing and Priming with examples? Also briefly describe Mainstreaming effects. Priming and Framing: Priming (mass media research), often cited next to Framing and  Agenda-setting theory, is a cognitive process, in which media information (Primes) increases temporarily the accessibility of knowledge units in the memory of an individual, which makes it more likely that these knowledge units are used in the reception, interpretation and judgment for the following external information. Framing Although many scholars have differing opinions of what exactly  framing  is, Mccombs  defines it as, the selection of and emphasis upon particular attributes for the news media  agenda  when talking about an object (the fact of cutting and trimming news stories in order to filter it and shape it as the sender wish) . In turn, as we know from attribute  agenda  setting, people who frame objects, placing various degrees of emphasis on the attributes of persons, public issues or other objects when they think or talk about them. In other words, it is not just is said in news reports, but how they are characterized and presented. It is through this unique characterization/portrayal of issues/objects that communicates certain meanings to audiences apart from just stating facts and figures; the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Entman, 1993 not only defines  frames  as â€Å"involving selection and salience. To  frame  is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more  salient  in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described.    But also goes on to describe these four functions: 1) Defining problems-determining what a causal agent is doing with what costs and benefits, usually measured in terms of common cultural values; 2) Diagnosing causes-identifying the forces creating the problem; 3) Making moral judgments-evaluate causal  agents  and their effects; and 4) Suggesting remedies-offering and justifying treatments for the problems a nd predict their likely effects. It is through these four functions that the  news media  can highlight/characterize certain issues/candidates/problems/attributes and/or choose to ignore others. Furthermore, many other defined  news media  framing as the central organizing idea for news content that supplies a context and suggests what the issue is through the use of selection, emphasis, exclusion and elaboration.   When the news media  supply the context, select what to emphasize or exclude information, they show us how to think about an object/issue/candidate. In order for this to be effective the audience must be able to internalize the information and â€Å"individual’s therefore apply interpretive schemas or â€Å"primary frameworks† Priming: There are perspectives as to what  priming  actually is, but the primary concept is such: According to the  priming  theory,  news media  exposure presumably causes the activation of related knowledge, which is more likely to be retrieved and used in later judgments because it is more accessible in memory and comes to mind spontaneously and effortlessly. , its the actual act of link two different elements in order to generate a general known idea. The concept of  priming  is supported by the  accessibility bias argument  as well as the principle of resonance as some attributes may resonate longer with individuals than others. Iyengar and Kinder,  define  priming  as â€Å"changes in standards that people use to make political evaluations. † The premis e of political priming is that public evaluations of political leaders are made on the basis of issues that are on the top of citizens’ mind. This study investigated the impact of a national referendum campaign about a European integration issue on the evaluation of the incumbent government, the Prime Minister as well opposition leaders. Drawing on a content analysis of news media and a two-wave panel survey, the results showed that as the topic of the referendum (the introduction of the euro) became more visible in the media during the campaign, the importance of the euro issue for formulating general evaluations of political leaders increased. The incumbent government that was seen to handle the referendum poorly was penalized by the referendum. Exposure to news media outlets that covered the referendum extensively and offered negative evaluations of political leaders boosted the decline in overall performance rating of political leaders for politically less involved respondents. These results stress the necessity of considering the campaign and the specific content of the media to understand fluctuations in public opinion during a referendum campaign. MAINSTREAMING EFFECTS: Gerbner and his colleagues define mainstreaming as the sharing of that commonality among heavy viewers in those demographic groups whose light viewers hold divergent views (Gerbner et al. , 1980, p. 15). Gerbner and his associates look for mainstreaming effects by selecting groups of light viewers that differ strongly in their answers to a particular question (such as the estimate of the proportion of law enforcement officers in the total workforce). They then look at the heavy viewers in those same groups. If the variation in the answers of the heavy viewers is significantly smaller than the variation in the answers of the light viewers, the researchers speak of a mainstreaming effect of television, or a relative homogenization, an absorption of divergent views, and a convergence of disparate viewers (Morgan Signorielli, 1990, p. 3). Related to acts of violence depicted in programming, viewers are de-sensitized to the violence and become less empathetic to the suffering of others. Likewise studies of other social issues indicate that television cultivates assumptions we label stereotypes. Thus notions of gender roles are reinforced by television content when viewers see women in th e kitchen and men in the workplace. An interesting result of mainstreaming is that heavy viewers tend to label themselves as â€Å"moderate† instead of â€Å"liberal† or â€Å"conservative,† despite the actual positions they take on a number of political issues. Mainstream does not mean ‘middle of the road’† (Gerbner et al. , 2002, p. 57). Mainstreaming has influenced the heavy viewer to consider himself as conforming to the dominant viewpoint rather than be counted among those who are outside of the norm. Q-4: What do you understand by social Cognitive theory of mass communication? Give examples from your own society. Mass communication is something were all affected by in one way, or another. Directly, or indirectly, information transmitted by todays communication mediums shape and directs a societys expectations and behaviors. The impacts of mass communication exert a cognitive effect on us as individuals, and as a social group. The cognitive theory examines how repeated exposure to the media changes human behavior. Values: Valuesboth personal and societalare the focus within the cognitive theory of mass communication. The methods used to relay information are based on how values are formed, structured and directed within our minds. Research within psychology, marketing and communications all combine to give us an understanding of how media interacts with a societys value system. Based on structured methods that work on values, attitudes, emotions and behavior, the effects of mass communication can be pre-determined, and put to use. Features: A persons value system is built on pre-learned patterns of how to identify people and things in her environment, and how to interact with them. Patterns that carry an emotional overtone have the most impact on a persons value system. Cognitive theory refers to these patterns as Exemplars. These are the building blocks that make up a value system. Exemplars represent accumulated information blocks within a persons psychological make-up. Mass communication mediums like television and newspapers affect us on a daily basis. Cognitive theory views the information passed along through these sources as seeded with exemplars. Over a period of years, or decades, the medias portrayal of exemplars becomes a means by which value systems can be changed. Function:   Media advertisers make use of exemplars within their advertising campaigns. Cognitive theory calls this the Priming method. Based on whats called a Landscape Model, advertisers can determine where best to promote a product within a television show, a newspaper, or a movie. Product placement within the framework of a story is based on where the product will most impact the viewers. Social cognitive theory is a subcategory of  cognitive theory  that focuses on the effects that others have on our behavior. It is a form of  learning theory, but differs from other learning theories such as  behaviorism  in several important ways. Tenets of Social Cognitive Theory: Expert opinions differ on exactly what separates social cognitive theory from the more general social learning theory. In general, however, these principles can be used to define social cognitive theory. . People learn by observing others, a process known as vicarious learning, not only through their own direct experiences. 2. Although learning can modify behavior, people do not always apply what they have learned. Individual choice is based on perceived or actual consequences of behavior. 3. People are more likely to follow the behaviors modeled by someone with whom they can identify. T he more perceived commonalities and/or emotional attachments between the observer and the model, the more likely the observer will learn from the model. 4. The degree of self-efficacy that a learner possesses directly affects his or her ability to learn. Self-efficacy is a fundamental belief in one’s ability to achieve a goal. If you believe that you can learn new behaviors, you will be much more successful in doing so. Social Cognitive Theory in Daily Life: Social cognitive theory is frequently used in  advertising. Commercials are carefully targeted toward particular demographic groups. Each element of the commercial, from the actors to the background music, is chosen to help that demographic identify with the product. Notice how different the commercials shown during Saturday morning cartoons are from those shown during the evening news or a late-night movie. And who hasnt at one time or another realized the power of  peer pressure? We all want to belong, and so we tend to change our behaviors to fit in with whatever group we most strongly identify with. Although we often think of peer pressure as solely a teen phenomenon, how many of us drive a particular car, live in a specific neighborhood, or have our hair done at a certain salon simply because it is expected of someone in our social class or peer group? Social cognitive theory  is a  learning theory  based on the ideas that people learn by watching what others do and that human thought processes are central to understanding personality. While social cognitists agree that there is a fair amount of influence on development generated by learned behavior displayed in the environment in which one grows up, they believe that the individual person (and therefore cognition) is just as important in determining moral development. People learn by observing others, with the environment, behavior, and cognition all as the chief factors in influencing development. These three factors are not static or independent; rather, they are all reciprocal. For example, each behavior witnessed can change a persons way of thinking (cognition). Similarly, the environment one is raised in may influence later behaviors, just as a fathers mindset (also cognition) will determine the environment in which his children are raised.

Best Deicer Types and How to Use

Best Deicer Types and How to Use The best deicer is the non-chemical backbreaking solution... the snow shovel. However, proper use of a chemical deicer can ease your battle with snow and ice. Note that I said proper use since a big issue with deicers is that they are used incorrectly. You want to use the minimum amount of product needed to loosen the snow or ice and then remove it with a shovel or plow, not cover the surface with deicer and wait for the salt to completely melt the snow or ice. Which product you use depends on your specific needs. Back in ye olden days, regular salt or sodium chloride was the usual choice for deicing roads and sidewalks. Now there are several deicer options, so you can choose the best deicer for your situation. The Transportation Research Board offers a tool to help you compare 42 deicer options based on price, environmental impact, temperature limit for melting snow or ice, and the infrastructure needed to use the product. For personal home or business use, youll probably see only a few different products on the market, so heres a summary of some of the pros and cons of the common deicers: Sodium chloride (rock salt or halite) Sodium chloride is inexpensive and helps keep moisture from accumulating on roads and walkways, but it is not an effective deicer at low temperatures [only good down to -9Â °C (15Â °F)], damages concrete, poisons the soil, and can kill plants and harm pets. Calcium chloride Calcium chloride works at very low temperatures and isnt as damaging to the soil and vegetation as sodium chloride, though it costs a bit more and may damage concrete. Calcium chloride attracts moisture, so it wont keep surfaces as dry as many other products. On the other hand, attracting moisture can be a good quality since calcium chloride releases heat when it reacts with water, so it can melt snow and ice on contact. All deicers must be in solution (liquid) in order to start working; calcium chloride can attract its own solvent. Magnesium chloride can do this too, though it isnt used as commonly as a deicer. Safe Paw This is an amide/glycol mixture rather than a salt. It is supposed to be safer for plants and pets than salt-based deicers, though I dont know much about it otherwise, except that it is more expensive than salt. Potassium chloride Potassium chloride doesnt work at extremely low temperatures and may cost a little more than sodium chloride, but it is relatively kind to vegetation and concrete. Corn-based products These products (e.g., Safe Walk) contain chlorides and work in very low temperatures, yet are supposed to be safe for yards and pets. They are expensive. CMA or calcium magnesium acetate CMA is safe for concrete and plants, but it is only good down to the same temperature as sodium chloride. CMA is better at preventing water from re-freezing than at melting snow and ice. CMA tends to leave a slush, which may be undesirable for sidewalks or driveways. Deicer Summary As you would imagine, calcium chloride is a popular low-temperature deicer. Potassium chloride is a popular warmer-winter choice. Many deicers are mixtures of different salts so that you get some of the advantages and disadvantages of each chemical.

Ethical Case Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical Case Analysis - Essay Example It defines the organization’s role as the promotion of availability of information, freedom of speech and transparency. Hacktivism, however, does not necessarily mean criminal ventures as it includes application of websites’ links to publish information on social networks. Posts such as like a particular page for facebook to make donations towards a cause are examples. The author however simplifies its definition to application of the internet to facilitate an objective (Carter, p. 1). Anonymous is the illustrated example of hacktivist group that breaks into websites whose opinion the organization does not agree with. The group also applies its high level of skills to close down websites such as those of governments and other organizations as counter attack initiatives for actions that are offensive to its objectives. Its reaction to the temporary closure of the Wikileaks website is the recent example. The group is also involved in other mass action movements. The author however notes that most internet users in social network unknowingly participate in hackivism through following hacktivists’ directives to publish links on their social network pages (Carter, p. 1). The article identifies two moral agents. Anonymous group is identified as a specific moral agent and the social network users who engage in the type of publications as general moral agents in the case. This is because the parties’ initiatives that involve conveyance of information to the public can be determined as either right or wrong. The act can be right to the effect of truthfully criticizing an evil or advocating for a beneficial initiative but can be bad if the criticism is not based on the truth, leading to harm. Anonymous for example advocates for freedom of expression and acts in defense against authoritarian initiatives. Depending on the consequences of their actions, they can be judged as either good or bad. Actions of individuals in

Politics & Parliament in Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Politics & Parliament in Britain - Essay Example The concept of parliamentary supremacy, defines parliament as the legislative body with absolute sovereignty. This serves to indicate that it is the British parliament that is superior over the other arms of government, considering that the United Kingdom parliament is able to control both the executive and the judiciary, through enacting and passing laws that would then require the other arms of the government to adhere to . Simply put, parliament is the only sovereign body in the United Kingdom, which is not bound by any law. This is because; the legislative body can change or repeal the existing laws, so that it is no longer bound by the laws. This way, it becomes a sovereign body that makes laws, but which is not bound by any written law . How has the meaning of these words, which help define responsible government, changed in Britain during the past 25 years?The statement â€Å"Parliament is the Supreme law of the land† has changed slightly during the last 25 years, most especially due to three significant developments, namely devolution, constitutional reforms and ratification of the European Union membership. In this respect, the United Kingdom has tried to establish other body entities that have powers that control the Parliament in certain way. DevolutionDevolution in Britain was established in 1997, with the establishment of three other legislative bodies, where the Scottish parliament was established, in addition to the establishment of local assemblies in Ireland and Wales .

The School Voucher Debate :: essays papers

The School Voucher Debate THE SCHOOL VOUCHER DEBATE In reading these articles, I did not understand the religious school involvement and school vouchers. There was one statement in the first article Court Discusses Vouchers, that stated that in Cleveland use school vouchers and that they can be used at fifty-one other schools, but there are nine schools that they cannot use the vouchers at, and they are all Catholic schools. To me this seems to be a religious prejudice going on in that area against the Catholic religion. I understand the purpose for vouchers and what would be involved. The money that is used to give out school vouchers comes from the public system of resources. I can see why people would be against vouchers. They worry that it will drain the resources for other public things. At the same time though, in the second article America’s boldest governor, it had stated that if the vouchers were properly designed, they would only drain the public resources at the same rate as a resource-consuming pupils. Therefore, students that are not doing well, drain more funds from the public system than other students that are doing good in school, and if vouchers are able to give those students who have been doing badly is school improve with time, the money used from the public system will balance out. Obviously, the students and parents of the lower class would benefit from vouchers. The school and public system do not benefit from vouchers. Schools for the reason that some schools will have to improve their school overall, or they will lose students to better equipped schools, since students of any background will be able to attend any school they like. I do feel that vouchers would lead to better curriculum among several schools, which would provide for educational excellence. The schools would be thriving to keep the number of students attending the school up. They would have to adjust to better themselves if vouchers were made available. Equity within schools would be achieved if vouchers were made available to students of all races, class, and status. Vouchers would allow students of several different cultural backgrounds and social class to attain and school they wish.

Book Exam Narrative Frederick Douglass

Instructions: This exam consists of twenty-six questions worth one point and eight questions worth three points. Students should type all answers. The link to the entire PDF of this reading is available on Blackboard. Students found to be engaged in collusion or plagiarizing the work of another student will receive a zero. Please spell-check your work and type all answers appropriately, i.e. in complete sentences where possible. The following questions are worth one point: 1. In the preface a figure, described as being â€Å"a little lower than the angels† attended the Anti-Slavery convention in Nantucket; who was this figure? 2. What do you think was meant by the statement â€Å"I am glad the time has come when the ‘lions write history’?† 3. What does Douglass mean when he suggests plantation owners quickly sell mulatto slaves as a measure to preserve humanity? 4. What actions might earn a plantation owner the title of â€Å"kind master†? 5. Why are slaves allowed to partake in holiday activity at the end of each year? 6. Publically the plantation owner justified the whipping of Douglass’ aunt by arguing what? 7. How is tar used to maintain plantation rule? 8. Plantation visitors often leave the plantation with only good things to say about the plantation experience. Why are some visitors poorly informed about the slave experience on the plantation?9. Who is George Cookman? 10. What ‘protection’ did Douglass’ provide those who travelled North with him? 11. Douglass received a whipping nearly every week for what offense? 12. Based on your reading of the preface, how do those attending the conference in Nantucket view Douglass? 13. How does William Garrison describe the institution of slavery? 14. What myth does Douglass hope to dispel in his discussion of slave songs? 15. Why does Douglass suggest slaves measure the kindness of a master â€Å"by the standard of kindness set up among slaveholders† in the surrounding region? 16. What is Douglass’ role under Master Auld? 17. What problem did literacy pose for Douglass? 18. Why was Douglass’ apprehensive about the Irishmen he met on the wharf? 19. Why does Douglass believe Auld is a poor master? 20. Using Douglass’ memories, why are slaves manumitted? 21. At what point did Douglass decide he was no longer a slave in spirit? Explain. 22. What was the purpose of the root? 23. Douglass claims that his desire for freedom is highest when?24. What affect did receiving a portion of his earnings have on Douglass? 25. Which slave master appears to be familiar with Adam Smith’s work? 26. Why was Douglass overcome with loneliness upon reaching a free state? The following questions are worth three points: 27. Describe the experience of slave children. Be sure to cite the appropriate pages. 28. Based on Douglass’ experience, would you argue relationships between slaves are important? Why or why not? Include page references. 29. Is there evidence of the Grimke sisters’ argument in Douglass’ work? Elaborate. 30. How does Douglass interpret the impact of religion among slaveholders? Reference the reading. 31. Do slaves have rights? Defend your position with support from the reading. 32. What elements offered Douglass’ insight to freedom? Elaborate. 33. Does the reading offer evidence to support George Fitzhugh’s argument? 34. How are Master Thomas and Master Hugh different in their approach to slavery?

Western Civilization A Very Brief Overview from the...

Rome’s greatest achievements was to go beyond the limited political process that of the city-states and to develop a world-state with the different nations of the Mediterranean. In the eight century, B.C., peasant communities, along with Etruscan cities south to the Greek cities were absorbed by the Romans. Throughout this century, Roman acquired architectural styles and skills in road construction, sanitation, hydraulic engineering to include underground conduits. By the sixth century, Rome evolved into a republic, landowners, aristocrats and patricians overthrew the Etruscan king and religion governed the people, dictated the laws and legitimized the rule of the patricians. As they evolved the Romans loosened the grip between religion†¦show more content†¦The expansion of Rome occurred on three stages; the unification of the Italian peninsula, the collision with Carthage as Rome emerged as ruler of the western Mediterranean; and the conquest of the Hellenistic states. Rome’s successes of conquests was largely due to the superior military organization, training and iron clad discipline. Rome and the Mediterranean world enjoyed two hundred years of peace known as the â€Å"Pax Romana,† the Roman peace. During this period, Rome was enjoying peace and prosperity even after the death of Augustus. The Romans saw the â€Å"Pax Romana† as the fulfillment of Rome’s mission; a world-state providing peace, security, ordered civilization and the rule of law, â€Å"the time of Happiness.’ During this period, thousands of cities served as the centers of â€Å"Greco-Roman civilization. This process of expansion continued through the Hellenistic Age. Conditions for women and slaves improved and because Rome was engaged in fewer wars, the practice of freeing slaves was common. By preserving the Greco-Roman civilization and instituting a rational system of law to use for all humanity helped achieved the trend for universalism and cosmopolitism through the Hellenistic Age. The â€Å"Pax Romana† had serious defects, communication was poor and roads were building for military use rather than for commercial purposes. As such, transportation of goods by land was trecherious and the cost of goods increased substantially. The Greco-RomanShow MoreRelatedInstitution as the Fundamental Cause of Long Tern Growth39832 Words   |  160 Pageseconomic institutions are the fundamental cause of differences in economic development. We first document the empirical importance of institutions by focusing on two quasi-natural experiments in history, the division of Korea into two parts with very different economic institutions and the colonization of much of the world by European powers starting in the fifteenth century. We then develop the basic outline of a framework for thinking about why economic institutions differ across countries. EconomicRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesNot Treating It Fairly ........................................ ............................. 174 Not Accepting the Burden of Proof ............................................................................................. 175 Diverting Attention from the Issue ............................................................................................. 176 Re-defining the Issue ....................................................................................................................