Banning Books Essays - Fiction, Literature, American Literature

Banning Books Essays - Fiction, Literature, American Literature Banning Books Banning Books Our freedom is under attack! Censorship is clearly an attack on our freedom. There are a number of books that are banned or challenged that are great books, such as The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck or The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. These books are classics. Banning these books robs students of great literature. Censorship of books in secondary schools should not be allowed. The list of books that have been banned completely in many schools across the nation is expansive, and so are the reasons that parents and schoolboards give for banning these books. Advocates of literary censorship say that it's best for the students. Opponents say that it is detrimental to the educational system. The students have mixed emotions. Literary censorship at the secondary school level is indeed very widespread. One of the most controversial books is Huckleberry Finn, which is currently under fire by the Pennsylvania Chapter of the NAACP because it contains the word nigger 39 times in the first 35 pages. They feel that the liberal use of such a derogatory word is detrimental to the self-esteem of young African-American children. The NAACP says that they want the book removed from required-reading lists, but they are not out to censor it (Campbell, par. 4). Large groups such as the NAACP are not the only people pushing for Huckleberry Finn's banning in America's schools. Small groups of parents have protested the book's status as required reading in their children's schools because of its language. Huckleberry Finn isn't the only book targeted by parents. Another frequently challenged book is Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury. This book was handed out at an Irvine, California, middle school in 1992 with profane words such as damn and hell blocked out. Students wrote to Bradbury describing the situation and pointing out the irony that a book about the evils of censorship had to be censored before they could read it. The books were soon replaced with uncensored ones (Campbell, par. 27). The Catcher in the Rye was challenged in several school districts nationwide because of the liberal use of slang and obscene words that author J.D. Sallinger used to make the book more realistic. Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird has been banned in several secondary schools for containing racist slurs. Some readers felt that the book portrayed Negroes as barbarians and criminals. The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare was banned in a secondary school in Midland, Michigan, because a small group of parents felt that the character Shylock projected a negative image of Jews. Another Shakespeare classic, Twelfth Night, was banned in Merrimak, NH schools in 1996 after a prohibition of alternative lifestyle instruction act was passed by the school board. Other Shakespearean works have been challenged in various schools in America because parents and administrators felt that some characters project a homosexual image (Banned, par.7). Every person who is involved in debate over literary censorship believes that he or she is doing the right thing for the students. The advocates of literary censorship believe that exposing children to such material as Huckleberry Finn in high school will contaminate their minds with racist garbage at a time in their lives when they are searching for things to believe in. Opponents see the banning of Huckleberry Finn in many schools a form of censorship that will teach children that speaking their minds is not a good thing to do (Campbell, par. 8). However, the debate over literary censorship in schools is not a debate over whether or not literature should be censored at all. Most parents, teachers, and administrators would agree that censorship is necessary to maintain a good environment for learning. The debate is over whether or not to draw the line at Huckleberry Finn. If the book was good twenty years ago, then why all of a sudden is it not good for students to read anymore? Peo ple read the book before and they are doing just fine. If the book can stand the test of time, then it must have some value to it. Even people who consider themselves the most avid opponents of literary censorship in schools would agree that pornography

The Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race and Animal Cruelty

The Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race and Animal Cruelty The Iditarod Trail dog sled race is a sled dog race from Anchorage, Alaska to Nome, Alaska, a route that is over 1,100 miles long. Aside from basic animal rights arguments against using dogs for entertainment or to pull sleds, many people object to the Iditarod because of the animal cruelty and deaths involved. â€Å"[J]agged mountain ranges, frozen river, dense forest, desolate tundra and miles of windswept coast . . . temperatures far below zero, winds that can cause a complete loss of visibility, the hazards of overflow, long hours of darkness and treacherous climbs and side hills.† This is from the official Iditarod website. The death of a dog in the 2013 Iditarod has prompted race organizers to improve protocols for dogs removed from the race. History of the Iditarod The Iditarod Trail is a National Historic Trail and was established as a route for dog sleds to access remote, snowbound areas during the 1909 Alaskan gold rush. In 1967, the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race began as a much shorter sled dog race, over a portion of the Iditarod Trail. In 1973, race organizers turned the Iditarod Race into the grueling 9-12 day race that it is today, ending in Nome, AK. As the official Iditarod website puts it, â€Å"There were many who believed it was crazy to send a bunch of mushers out into the vast uninhabited Alaskan wilderness.† The Iditarod Today The rules for the Iditarod require teams of one musher with 12 to 16 dogs, with at least six dogs crossing the finish line. The musher is the human driver of the sled. Anyone who has been convicted of animal cruelty or animal neglect in Alaska is disqualified from being a musher in the Iditarod. The race requires the teams to take three mandatory breaks. Compared to previous years, the entry fee is up and the purse is down. Every musher who finishes in the top 30 receives a cash prize. Inherent Cruelty in the Race According to the Sled Dog Action Coalition, at least 136 dogs have died in the Iditarod or as a result of running in the Iditarod. The race organizers, the Iditarod Trail Committee (ITC), simultaneously romanticize the unforgiving terrain and weather encountered by the dogs and mushers, while arguing that the race is not cruel to the dogs. Even during their breaks, the dogs are required to remain outdoors except when being examined or treated by a veterinarian. In most U.S. states, keeping a dog outdoors for twelve days in freezing weather would warrant an animal cruelty conviction, but Alaskan animal cruelty statutes exempt standard dog mushing practices: This section does not apply to generally accepted dog mushing or pulling contests or practices or rodeos or stock contests. Instead of being an act of animal cruelty, this exposure is a requirement of the Iditarod. At the same time, Iditarod rules prohibit â€Å"cruel or inhumane treatment of the dogs.† A musher may be disqualified if a dog dies of abusive treatment, but the musher will not be disqualified if â€Å"[T]he cause of death is due to a circumstance, nature of the trail, or force beyond the control of the musher. This recognizes the inherent risks of wilderness travel.† If a person in another state forced their dog to run over 1,100 miles through ice and snow and the dog died, they would probably be convicted of animal cruelty. It is because of the inherent risks of running the dogs across a frozen tundra in sub-zero weather for twelve days that many believe the Iditarod should be stopped. The official Iditarod rules state, â€Å"All dog deaths are regrettable, but there are some that may be considered unpreventable.† Although the ITC may consider some dog deaths unpreventable, a sure way to prevent the deaths is to stop the Iditarod. Inadequate Veterinary Care Although race checkpoints are staffed by veterinarians, mushers sometimes skip checkpoints and there is no requirement for the dogs to be examined. According to the Sled Dog Action Coalition, most of the Iditarod veterinarians belong to the International Sled Dog Veterinary Medical Association, an organization that promotes sled dog races. Instead of being impartial caregivers for the dogs, they have a vested interest, and in some cases, a financial interest, in promoting sled dog racing. Iditarod veterinarians have even allowed sick dogs to continue running and compared dog deaths to the deaths of willing human athletes. However, no human athlete has ever died in the Iditarod. Intentional Abuse and Cruelty Concerns about intentional abuse and cruelty beyond the rigors of the race are also valid. According to an  ESPN article: Two-time runner-up Ramy Brooks was disqualified from the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race for abusing his dogs. The 38-year-old Brooks hit each of his 10 dogs with a trail marking lathe, similar to a surveyors stake, after two refused to get up and continue running on an ice field [...] Jerry Riley, winner of the 1976 Iditarod, was banned for life from the race in 1990 after he dropped a dog in White Mountain without informing veterinarians the animal was injured. Nine years later, he was allowed back in the race. One of Brooks’ dogs later died during the 2007 Iditarod, but the death was believed to be unrelated to the beating. Although Brooks was disqualified for beating his dogs, nothing in the Iditarod rules prohibits mushers from whipping the dogs. This quote from  The Speed Mushing Manual, by Jim Welch, appears on the Sled Dog Action Coalition: A training device such as a whip is not cruel at all but is effective [...] It is a common training device in use among dog mushers [...] A whip is a very humane training tool [...] Never say whoa if you intend to stop to whip a dog [...] So without saying whoa you plant the hook, run up the side Fido is on, grab the back of his harness, pull back enough so that there is slack in the tug line, say Fido, get up immediately rapping his hind end with a whip. As if dog deaths were not enough, the rules allow mushers to kill moose, caribou, buffalo, and other large animals â€Å"in defense of life or property† along the race. If the mushers were not racing in the Iditarod, they wouldn’t encounter wild animals defending their territory. Breeding and Culling Many of the mushers breed their own dogs for use in the Iditarod and other sled dog races. Few dogs can become champions, so it is common practice to  cull  the unprofitable dogs. An email from former musher Ashley Keith to the Sled Dog Action Coalition explains: When I was active in the mushing community, other mushers were open with me about the fact that larger Iditarod kennels frequently disposed of dogs by shooting them, drowning them or setting them loose to fend for themselves in the wilderness. This was especially true in Alaska, they said, where veterinarians were often hours away. They often used the phrase Bullets are cheaper. And they noted that its more practical for mushers in remote parts of Alaska to do it themselves. The Mushers Although the mushers endure some of the same harsh conditions faced by the dogs, the mushers decide voluntarily to run the  race and are fully aware of the risks involved. The dogs do not make such decisions knowingly or voluntarily. The mushers can also voluntarily decide to drop out and walk away when the race is too difficult. In contrast, individual dogs are dropped from the team when they are sick, injured or dead. Furthermore, the mushers are not whipped if they are going too slow. Changes After Dog Death in 2013 In the 2013 Iditarod, a dog named Dorado was removed from the race because he was moving stiffly. Dorados musher, Paige Drobny, continued the race and, following standard protocol, Dorado was left outside in the cold and the snow at a checkpoint. Dorado died of asphyxiation after being buried in snow, although seven other dogs who were also covered in snow survived. As a result of Dorados death, race organizers plan to build dog shelters at two checkpoints and also check on the dropped dogs more frequently. More flights will also be scheduled to transport dropped dogs from checkpoints that are not accessible via roads. What Can I Do? You dont have to be a member of PETA to believe in animal rights. Even with the entry fee, the Iditarod loses money on each musher, so the race relies on money from corporate sponsors. Urge the sponsors to stop supporting animal cruelty, and boycott sponsors of the Iditarod. The Sled Dog Action Coalition has a  list of sponsors  as well as a  sample letter.

The Feminist Movements and the Emancipation of Females Essay

The Feminist Movements and the Emancipation of Females - Essay Example However, by the end of 1950s, women’s magazines had started to voice concerns over the early marriage of females and to change the existing attitudes of women whose concept of life remained confined to getting married, having â€Å"four children† and living in a â€Å"nice house in a nice suburb† (60). By the early 60s, women began to recognize their unhappiness which stemmed from causes other than marriage or family and then the media came into the scene to report a common trend of women’s discontentment over their status in society through prominent newspapers and magazines as well as TV programmes such as â€Å"The Trapped Housewife† (66). Thus, the intervention of the media, which promoted a â€Å"collective awareness† of women’s common condition, has played a key role in the success of the feminist movement (Lamb 2011:46). Another major factor that helped the success of feminist mobilisation could be evidenced from the dramatic tr ansformation in women’s social condition including the â€Å"mechanisation of domestic chores† and the â€Å"contraceptive pills† (The Feminist Movement: Slide 6). ... The protest tactics of females have remained on symbolic forms because of the traditional notion of women as being peaceful and protective rather than aggressive. In addition, strategies of â€Å"civil disobedience† and â€Å"playful† marches were adopted to garner media attention and, thus, women relied on these forms of agitation to attain their goals (Slides 15, 16, 17). The strike by the Ford machinists at Dagenham factory in East London on June 7, 1968 where 850 females participated to protest â€Å"against sex discrimination of job grading† can be seen as an example of women’s involvement in â€Å"direct action† (Hughes n.d: 3, 4). In the present day, where feminism takes a â€Å"backlash† due to rampant violence against the gender, the movements such as â€Å"End Violence against Women campaign† have become significant, as it can be seen as an example of symbolic form of action (Cochrane 2008). 3. What obstacles and challenges d o feminist organisations face today in their mobilization efforts? In the modern day of technological development, feminist organisations encounter a lot of challenges such as â€Å"religious fundamentalism,† sex determination tests and the tendency of many people to blame women’s liberation movements (The Feminist Movement Slide 20). Besides, the issue of gap in pay of women as well as the fact that violence against women has reached â€Å"crisis levels† are grave concerns for them (Rake 2006). This will pre-empt the feminist organizations from focusing on the core strategy of mobilisation as their attention will be remain concentrated on fighting violence against women and other such issues. In addition, the women’s organisations today also encounter a main problem where they struggle to keep the â€Å"faith in

Omnivore's dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Omnivore's dilemma - Essay Example However, the subject encompassing this model is controversial. Indeed, the practice has raised concerns that demand critical examination (Duram 123). Commercialized farming has destructed and polluted surroundings the consequences that the environment has suffered out of our wicked practices, which alter genuine farming. Therefore, there is need of restructuring the trend meaning that persons need to shun consuming non-organics and adopt organics to conserve the remains and prevent further harm. (Preserve the remaining non-organics to safeguard the environment) Efforts to non-organic farming initiated with introduction of chemicals in the practice to fight pests and weeds. The procedure reduced crops infestations substantially and successfully addressed the challenge of weeds. However, the practice has led to introduction of toxic residuals in the crops. Subsequently, the method engaged the use of sewage sludge as a fertilizer. This idea appeared sustainable since the approach provided a method of utilizing human waste for fertilizer production. As such, cheaper fertilizers were accessible hence the productivity augmented (Harper & Aikaterini 288). However, studies have identified that residues from some of these fertilizers have detrimental effects on human health. Later advancements in the non-organic scheme led to introduction of technologies that incorporated hormones and antibiotics in farming procedures (Duram 145). The use of hormones meant hurrying crops and animals growth rate, an aspect that boosted productivity. Indeed, antibiot ics provide superb food preservation schemes. However, consuming antibiotic-preserved products meant introducing agents into our systems (Lockie 318). This is detrimental since antibiotics lead to resistances hence weakening the defense system. Recently, non-organic procedures have adopted a plan of irradiating products to eliminate any agents

Compare india and the middle east Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compare india and the middle east - Essay Example According to International Energy Agency 95 percent of the world depend on for its financial security on decisions made by five or six nations in the Middle East. (Energy Agency Sets Grim Oil Forecast) India is known as the land of spirituality and philosophy. The main religion in India currently is Hinduism. About 80.5% of Indians are Hindus and 13% Muslims, Christians 2.3% Sikhs 1.9% Buddhist and Jains are below 1% (Religious Composition). The gentleness of the Indians has sustained till this time, regardless of the India is a collection of men and women of numerous castes and faith. It is a union of old traditional ethics and the contemporary ideologies. India is a secular nation by way of its Constitution. The freedom of worship for every citizen of India without any breeches or harms of any other’s religious philosophies. The Indian Social System is typically built on the Shared family System. The families are closely joined with Grandfathers, fathers, sons and grandsons sharing the similar essence, custom and assets.   The Indians are noted for their humanness and calm nature without any harshness in their principles and ideals. Gandhiji’s belief in Ahimsa ha s gained freedom for India worked miracles and provided praise for India in the global arena (Indian Culture). The Indian economy is the third major economies in the world and is going to grow further in coming years. As per the opinion of Goldman Sachs, the Global Investment Bank, by 2035 India would be the third biggest economy of the world (Indian Economy). Islam is the religion of the majority populace in the Middle East. The Jews and the various Christian groups were permitted to practice their belief and preserve their traditions and customs. In addition to the Christian and Jewish societies, there are number of distinct religiously demarcated sections in the region. Such factions had their origin in intra-Muslim religio-political

Job Design Model Analysis

Job Design Model Analysis Topic 2 Business process and job re-design Collaborative space Curtin University has embarked on a BPR program called EQUIP. What is the primary objective of the program? The primary objective for the EQUIP program been put into place at Curtin University is to enable Curtin to streamline/improve business processes in administration, support services, clarify responsibility among faculties and to seek out ways to make better use of current and future technologies. For example, Curtin, every semester has a high intake of new students so administration will be under intense pressure to process applications and get student timetable sorted out in a timely manner. With EQUIP being put into place Curtin can propose implementing better automation software, which in turn highlights one of Curtin strategic plan to be a responsive and innovative organisation. Describe the job design model. In EQUIP the job design model will greatly impact the staffing at Curtin as faculties reporting lines will change drastically, which may decrease paperwork or getting approval from multiple sources. All student service staff from July will be forced to join a transitional pool meaning that staff will be eligible to apply from new vacant Teaching Support Coordinator and teaching support staff position. This may require staff to get re-trained in these new job roles or Curtin have found a way to regulate the amount of staffing they have in the Student Service faculty. New proposed positions will be readily available for Curtin staff members at all level of employment allowing the staff to be focused on specialising in their roles. Senior leadership roles may not be filled by current Curtin Staff in which case Curtin will look from external applicants. What implementation issues will the University need to manage? The implementation of EQUIP in Curtin will greatly impact the staff as it will affect 600 to 700 staff members. The Curtin Hierarchy must work closely with faculty managers and supervisors to give staffing clear instruction to save mass confusion on how their roles will be affected. Another implementation issue will be how staff training will be provided for the enormous number of staff be relocated and be put into new job roles which may differ from their current role which they occupy. Staffing in research administration, HR and finance must be aware of the new reporting lines and processes. How will the University know if it has done a good job or otherwise? Curtin will know they have done a good job by conducting staff survey in each affected faculty. Another way of seeing if the implementation has been affected is by considering staff complaints in regards to the implementation. Thirdly another way to compare if the EQUIP implementation compare historical data on involuntary redundancies and staffing requests to new roles. What are the ethical issues of using internal consultants? (refer to the six values of the ACS Code of Ethics) Public interest will be put at risk as internal consultants might have formed strong bonds will departments or have family working for Curtin so the personal interest will be placed above public interests, resulting in unfair decisions been made effectively. This sort of judgement issues will lead to Curtin staff not seeing the consultant as a professional staff member who can perform their job with competency. Ethical morals will get distorted as good principles, values and beliefs wont be at the forefront of decision making. Social ethics can change drastically as the consultants deals with certain departments it may not like on a personal level ruling in unfairness against them. For example HR was slow in processing the consultants annual leave so the consultants may deal with that department in a fair manner. Refer to the article Trading places brick by brick provided in class. What changes in business process would Hadrian force? Hadrian would revolutionise the business processes of the brick trading business as this machine would set over a medium to long term new standard on how fast and efficient the brick layering industry will be. A good return on investment will enlighten the invests as the robots helping hand in decreasing production cost will be outweighed by initial set up. Construction companies can potentially save more money brick for brick with robots as they natural hold leverage over the brickies who are over charging due to shortages in various parts of Australia. Hadrians introduction into the construction industry will force the workforce to become more technology savvy which will require specialised training/certifications. This might indicate the older generation of the workforce might have to change career. This automation movement will just be like the one the automotive industry has experienced. Human interaction has become very limited in this industry as only electricians and machine operaters are the only human element of the automotive left in contact with the cars. Robots have provided the automotive industry with the means to achieve high throughputs with the least amount of spending. Definite deductions in scheduling and cost will encourage more buying customers to buy land to build houses as Hadrian would drive down housing cost. A normal business processes in the construction industry having a lot off cover insurance on workers to cover the company which can cost a lot of money but with Hadrian that process become less and less important as the human element of building houses will be eliminated. Hadrian would slowly phase out the older workforce leaving the industry reaping the benefits of a younger workforce, as retirement packages and pensions costs will be lowed. The whole industry will experience a decrease in pension/retirement payouts and health care costs because of lower aging work force and lack of retirees. How would jobs be redesigned? Jobs can be redesign in the fact that tradies wont be obsolete; trades men will still be needed to do the task like window, insulation installations, electrics and joinery in housing projects. It will be an environment where machines and humans can work in sync with one another. Another way jobs can be redesigned is tradies can become trained certified specialists in programming, operating and troubleshooting the machine. For example, job roles like configuration analyst or control engineer will be available in the brickie industry as jobs. Old workforce will be phased out as they would cost more to retrain then training a post graduate TAFE student getting trained in the field, making jobs for the younger generation easier to come by. Brickies would have to reinvest them self as window fitter or be qualified on mechanic to be able to work with Hadrian. Once Hadrian hits commercial usage and become industry standard, the industry will become 85% machine 15% human making jobs harder and harder to come by within the industry.

Women and Politics Essay -- Sarah Palin

Introduction (Literature Review) When females started entering the political scene in the United States in significant numbers in the latter parts of the 20th century, they were faced with a number of predicaments. One of these predicaments centered around the language they were to use in the political arena. As members of the â€Å"other† group, women were forced, in many ways, to adopt the speech patterns of their male counterparts. As Blankenship & Robson pointed out in their research, â€Å"Once women were allowed a modest entrà © [sic] onto the political playing field, they either had to speak the dominant language of power and prove themselves â€Å"tough enough† or remain forever the linguistic sissy† (354). Within the past couple of decades, however, the roles of women collectively in society and politics have changed drastically, prompting some to question whether feminine political discourse still exists – and if so, to what extent. Around the mid to late-1980s, literature on the topic of feminine discourse in politics first began to surface in abundance – possibly as a result of the Democratic Party’s nomination of Geraldine Ferraro as the first female vice presidential candidate on a major party ticket in 1984. Originally, feminine discourse was merely a speech pattern characterized by â€Å"its personal tone, references to personal experience, inductive reasoning, the use of anecdotes and examples as evidence, audience participation, and identification between the speaker and audience† (Campbell, 1989, p. 13). Since that time, however, it has evolved tremendously. In fact, Dow and Tonn (1993) asserted through their study of Texas governor Ann Richard’s speeches that this new feminine speech was an â€Å"alternative political philosophy’’ ... ... is incredibly new and full of ambiguity. As mentioned before, there is a great deal of knowledge that has yet to be uncovered on the topic of gender and political discourse – particularly with regards to female candidates at the national level. As the scope of politics in America continues to change, and as more female politicians become figures on the national stage, the importance of research of this nature. However, through this particular study at hand, I intend to highlight the commonalities in female politicians’ performance of their feminine identities through discourse in hopes of coming to a conclusion of what â€Å"feminine† political discourse looks like in this decade. In doing so, I hope to establish the groundwork for future discussion on the evolution of discourse used by female candidates seeking political offices, a topic that is rarely discussed. â€Æ'

The Oort Cloud

The Oort Cloud The Oort cloud is a vast swarm of some 2 trillion comets orbiting our star in the most distant reaches of our solar system, extending from beyond the orbits of Neptune and Pluto out to 100,000 times the Earth-Sun distance. Almost one-third the distance to the nearest star. While the planets are confined to a flattened disk in the solar system, the Oort cloud forms a spherical shell centered on the Sun, which gradually flattens down to an extended disk in the inner region, called the Kuiper belt.Bright comets observed through telescopes or with the naked eye get thrown out of the Oort cloud or Kuiper belt, and become visible when they get close to enough so that the Sun's energy can transform the surface ices into gases. These gases drag off the embedded dust, and we see the light reflected from the dust as a tail. Comets are the leftover icy building blocks from the time of planet formation, which formed in the region of the outer planets. Essentially thesecomets are d irty snowballs, composed primarily of water ice, with some carbon monoxide and other ices, in addition to interstellar dust.When their orbits passed close enough to the giant planets to be affected, some were thrown toward the Sun and some were tossed outward toward the distant reaches of the solar system, the spherical swarm we now call the Oort cloud. Some of the comets sent inward hit the inner rocky planets, and probably contributed a significant amount of ocean water and organic material, the building blocks of life, to Earth. Comets that live in the Oort cloud are especially important scientifically because they have been kept in a perpetual deep freeze since the formation of our solar system 4. 6 billion years ago.This means that they preserve, nearly intact, a record of the chemical conditions during the first few million years of the solar system's history, and can be used to unravel our solar system's origins much like an archaeologist uses artifacts to decipher an ancient civilization. The Oort cloud is thought to occupy a vast space from somewhere between 2,000 and 5,000 AU (0. 03 and 0. 08 ly)[12] to as far as 50,000Â  AU (0. 79Â  ly)[3] from the Sun. Some estimates place the outer edge at between 100,000 and 200,000 AU (1. 58 and 3. 16 ly). [12] The region can be subdivided into a spherical outer Oort cloud of 20,000–50,000 AU (0. 2–0. 79 ly), and a doughnut-shaped inner Oort cloud of 2,000–20,000 AU (0. 03–0. 32 ly). The outer cloud is only weakly bound to the Sun and supplies the long-period (and possibly Halley-type) comets to inside the orbit of Neptune. [3] The inner Oort cloud is also known as the Hills cloud, named after J. G. Hills, who proposed its existence in 1981. [13] Models predict that the inner cloud should have tens or hundreds of times as many cometary nuclei as the outer halo;[13][14][15] it is seen as a possible source of new comets to resupply the relatively tenuous outer cloud as the latter's nu mbers are gradually depleted.The Hills cloud explains the continued existence of the Oort cloud after billions of year The outer Oort cloud is believed to contain several trillion individual objects larger than approximately 1Â  km (0. 62Â  mi)[3] (with many billions with absolute magnitudes brighter than 11—corresponding to approximately 20Â  km (12Â  mi) diameter), with neighboring objects typically tens of millions of kilometres apart. Its total mass is not known with certainty, but, assuming that Halley's comet is a suitable prototype for all comets within the outer Oort cloud, the estimated combined mass is 3? 025Â  kg (7? 1025Â  lb or roughly five times the mass of the Earth). Earlier it was thought to be more massive (up to 380 Earth masses), but improved knowledge of the size distribution of long-period comets has led to much lower estimates. The mass of the inner Oort Cloud is not currently known. If analyses of comets are representative of the whole, the vast majority of Oort-cloud objects consist of various ices such as water, methane, ethane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide.However, the discovery of the object 1996Â  PW, an asteroid in an orbit more typical of a long-period comet, suggests that the cloud may also contain rocky objects. Analysis of the carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in both the Oort cloud and Jupiter-family comets shows little difference between the two, despite their vastly separate regions of origin. This suggests that both originated from the original protosolar cloud,a conclusion also supported by studies of granular size in Oort-cloud comets by the recent impact study of Jupiter-family comet.

Module one review parenting skills Essay

1. What are the different parenting styles used by families? Which do you think is better? Why? The first type of parenting styles is the authoritarian style where the parents have all authority and say so in every matter. The second type is the permissive style where the parents are extremely passive and give the children a lot of power. The third is the democratic style of parenting where the parent considers the thoughts and feelings of the children but ultimately they make the decision. The democratic style is my personal favorite because it makes they child feel like their opinion matters but does not give them the power to run all over their parent. 2. What makes a person ready for parenthood? When should an individual consider entering parenthood? Who should postpone parenthood? Should everyone become a parent eventually? Do you think some people should not become parents altogether. I think a person is ready for parenthood when they are financially stable, emotionally stable and have a good support system behind them to help them raise a child whether that means they are married or they have family. I think an individual should consider entering parenthood when they had all of the things previously stated meaning that they are ready and when they are 100% sure that they ready and that they are not being pressured into it. I think that young people, newlyweds, and people with any doubt at all should postpone parenthood. I do not think that everyone is meant to be a parent so not everyone should eventually become one, some people are better off not having children. I think there are people in this world who should never have chi ldren altogether because they are not capable of providing a safe and loving home for them.

Mumbaki Essays

Mumbaki Essays Mumbaki Paper Mumbaki Paper Essay Topic: Film Every individual has its own culture, belief and different practices but we should respect each everyone about this matter even though sometimes it is very difficult to understand their practices. The word Mumbaki has its own meaning. It is about an Ifugao religious specialist meaning sayer of prayers in the Christian world they called them Intercessors. Almost every adult in the region is a Mumbaki who practices the tenets of the religion which they are associated with. These Mumbakis offers prayers during wedding, thanksgiving, funeral and other occasions. They have memorized almost every oral traditions, stories and lineages which are passed on from generation to generations which they perform as rituals. The story is about the son of an Ifugao Chieftain named Joseph who returns to his tribe after the death of his father (an Ifugao Chieftain who was killed in a tribal dispute with the Alimit tribe. He was about to live the Philippine to US with his fiancee, however was obliged to return to the Lidum tribe where he was chosen to lead the battle againts the Alimit tribe. Joseph is a young doctor who return to bury his father. While there, he discovers his rich heritage and acquire pride in his being an Ifugao. He is unable to resist the urge to help his village, which has resisted modern medicine and is in the midst of pneumonia epedemic and civil war. It covers the adaptation new way of curing illness of people but it will disobey their beliefs where they believe that their Baki or Gods may perish them in any curse. The story begins with the conflict between the unsettled marriage. And also they argued about the boundaries of their territories, where who should own the old tree between the two tribe. Each them ask explanation that ends up the leader of Lidum tribes death and those start of the beginning of war for revenge and justice. The Lidum tribe believes that once they cannot have the justice of death of the leader they will suffer like experiencing different illness and wars that may cause to death of other people too. And all the tribe in Ifugao does not believe the medicine that given to them by their doctor. They believe that only their Mumbaki can help and save them with help of their Baki because he is the one sent by Baki to save them. But the epedemic disease become worst which lead to death of many people. Nowadays, scientist, doctors, engineers, etc†¦ discover many things that could help our society to become more progressive to cure many diseases and illness and in terms of communication and transportation we are now more advance. But sometimes because of our culture, all belief and practices hinder our minds to accept those things and also the tradition of different people there are instances because of hatred it will only caused a never ending war but we have one country, one government to maintain the peace and settled every problems we have through peace talk and court trials, we should respect the value of life of every individual. When youre trying to use new changes it doesn’t mean you betrayed your traditions. You are only open minded that could help for a certain circumstances.

Against Capital Punishment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Against Capital Punishment - Research Paper Example The whole purpose of criminal justice system is to rehabilitate criminals but capital punishment defeats this very purpose. Killing a criminal means that state believes there is no chance a criminal can improve. Capital punishment therefore should not be permissible because it is not found to be effective, can result in killing of an innocent person and defeats the concept of rehabilitation. Studies have proved that crime rate does not decrease as a result of administration of capital punishment. A comparison between two states of similar culture and crime rate has shown that execution does not deter crime (Zimring, Fagan, & Johnson 2009). This comparison was made between two states, one with capital punishment law and other without it. This clearly shows that killing a person does not produce the widely argued ‘deterrence’ effect. Killing a person cannot decrease crime rate and therefore the main argument that is made in favor of capital punishment is rejected. There are many other motivators of crimes therefore death punishment alone cannot reduce crime rates significantly. A criminal is not thinking rationally when he or she commits a crime therefore it is impossible to stop criminal behavior just by the threat of capital punishment. The argument of deterrence can also work if capital punishment is prohibited. A lifelong sentence in prison can also deter a criminal so there is no need for capital punishment. Sometimes capital punishment is not justified for certain types of criminals. For example serial killers and serial rappers should be forced to live all their life in confinement. This should be more appropriate for them as killing them at once will only end their life but lifelong confinement will hurt them daily. The concept of retribution, therefore, can also be well served by abolishing capital punishment. Research has also suggested that bad prison conditions

Summarize Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Summarize - Essay Example Identifying the clues from the kitchen full of mess, the women study the bleakness of the emotional life of Mrs. Wright. They talk of her husband’s dreary nature and her childlessness. In their civil conversation, the women indirectly reveal the psychological profile of Mrs. Wright as a desperate housewife. They find a fancy little box while gathering the quilting material. Inside, they find a dead canary with a wrung neck wrapped in silk, thus reaching the conclusion that the bird was strangled to death by Mr. Wright out of his hatred for its beautiful song. The women hide their discovery from the men and choose not to reveal the little trifle found by them to the men. As the characters exit Mrs. Wright’s kitchen, the women declare that they have learned the quilt making style of Mrs. Wright, saying that she knots the quit rather than quilting it. They do this to denote the way Mrs. Wright has killed her husband. Set after an apocalyptic disaster, Endgame is a story about Hamm, his servant Clove and his parents Nell and Nagg. Everybody is trapped in Hamm’s home. Awakening over his wheelchair, Hamm whistles for Clov. They discuss the possibility of the ending of things. Hamm does not have anybody else whereas Clov does not have anywhere else to live. Addressing his inquiry, Clov tells Hamm that he cannot kill him. Hamm’s parents emerge from trash bins. Nagg tries to cheer Nell up but in vain. They retreat to their trash bins. Clov pushes Hamm’s wheelchair to the exact center of the room. Clov tells Hamm that he sees nothing outside the window and that he is sick of the routinely farce. Clov finds he has a flea and kills it. Clov fetches a stuffed dog to Hamm. Clov accuses Hamm of refusing help to Mother Pegg which Hamm denies. Clove cannot refuse any order of Hamm, to his own surprise. Clov mentions that he would set an alarm clock upon leaving to indicate his departure t o Hamm. Hamm narrates the story of obtaining Clov from his father. Nagg